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 CHAPTER II

The Russian Spiritual Mission in China in 1920-1930

After route of white armies Kolchaka on the Far East and ataman Dutova
in Turkestan in 1919-1920 to China the stream Russian, run through the
Far East and Central Asia (some sources name figure more  than 500
thousand person) has rushed [22]. Have been closed Embassy and
Consulates of Russian empire.  

Having sheltered refugees from Russia, China became also a grave for
some victims of Russian revolution, namely for victims in Alapaevsk on
July, 18, 1918 members of the House of Romanovs and their
confidants. On April, 16, 1920 in 2 o'clock in the morning to Beijing
from Harbin the profit eight coffins with remains of Great Princess
Elizabeth Feodorovny, Grand duke Sergey Mihajlovicha, inokini the
Marfo-Mariinsky monastery in Moscow Barbarians (JAkovlevoj), princes
John, Konstantin and Igor Konstantinovichej, Vladimir Pavlovicha
Palej's column and baron Feodora Remeza. The car with coffins has been
forwarded to eight o'clock in the morning to Andinmenskim to a gate of
Beijing. There they were expected by bishop Innokenty with religious
procession from Mission. Anybody from diplomats was not. Remains
Alapaevskih of martyrs were pogrebeny on Russian cemetery in a crypt
of a temple prep. Serafima Sarovsky. Power prmtsts. Elizabeths and
Barbarians have shortly been transported to Jerusalem. Outside the
Beijing Mission very few people recollected knjazjah-martyrs. Under
I.I.Serebrennikov's certificate, with 1920 on 1930 crypt Alapaevskih
of martyrs was visited only by one Russian delegation which has
assigned wreaths on their coffins are there was a delegation from
Russian group of armies SHandunskogo of general Chzhan Tszu of the Tub
[23]. 

In 1928 on blessing lord Innokentija in connection with that external
a cover of coffins alapaevskih martyrs from sheet iron began to be
crumbled, the decision about perezahoronenii their remains was
accepted. The former doctor of Imperial Diplomatic Mission in Beijing
Peter Sudakov to whom have addressed for assistance in perezahoronenii
remains, recollected in the private letter: " Has passed 8 years from
the date of their death, and I did not know, in what condition I shall
find bodies. I have addressed for the help to my friend, the professor
of pathology Beijing Union Medical College, Rockfeller Foundation
which has willingly agreed to go with me on a cemetery. When we have
arrived there have found in church delegation of officers and
clergy. Three coffins have been transferred from a cellar in
Church. One of coffins was the greater size, than others two. When
have removed an iron cover under it there was a wooden coffin from
massive boards. Have opened a board. The body of the bogatyr covered
silk drapri has appeared at us. Have flung open a shroud. The person
was grey color, obrosshee a beard. There was no attribute of decay,
that I was surprised. On closer examination I have seen, that the body
has been opened and embalmed, than and preservation of a body
speaks. The person was so well kept, that it was easy to learn Grand
duke Sergey Mihajlovicha. I have touched a cranium and have groped
cracks. Body it have shifted in the prepared coffin and have shrouded
in a shroud ?. Then we have shifted bodies of your brothers ? their
Bodies were in the same good condition, and they too have been
embalmed. At one of them the cranium has been broken, and at another
edges on one party are broken. Body Paleja was predano to the ground
under the order of his mother " [24]. 

Communication with the church center - the Moscow Patriarchy has
interrupted. The Russian Spiritual Mission in China, as well as other
foreign establishments of Russian Orthodox Church, on the basis of the
decision of Prelate of Patriarch Tihona and the Maximum Church Advice
from November, 7 (20), 1920 has passed to time submission Foreign
Arhierejskomu to the Synod. Definition of the Foreign Synod in 1922
had been formed a new diocese - Beijing and Chinese. She was headed by
the Chief of 18-th Russian Spiritual Mission lord Innokenty
(Figurovsky) in a dignity of archbishop (it is erected in a dignity of
archbishop according to the decision of the Synod and the decree of
Patriarch Tihona from May, 13, 1921), And later - metropolitan. Thus,
having kept the old name, Mission became the first orthodox diocese in
territory of China and its administrative centre. Within the limits of
the Beijing diocese have been the same year formed vikariatstva in
Shanghai - led by bishop Simonom (Vinogradovym) and in Tianjin (it is
transferred in Hankow later) - led by bishop Ionoj (Pokrovskim). 

In territory of Manchuria the diocese directly submitting to Foreign
Synod Harbinskaja operated by metropolitan Harbinskim Mefodiem has
been formed. In its limits there were archbishop Melety who has run
from Russia, archbishop Nestor and bishop Dimitry. 

The care of refugees from Russia became the main task of the Russian
Spiritual Mission in China, essentially having changed priorities in
its activity. In 1919 in territory of China all have been closed
orthodox missionary stany. 

That though somehow to improve a financial position of Russian
refugees archbishop Innokenty has given them to long-term using the
most part of property of Mission. In the beginning of 1920 in Beijing
a number of Russian emigrants has appeared, predpolagavshih with the
help of rent of the property of Mission not only to help itself, but
also financially to promote prosperity Mission. Among them first of
all it is necessary to name the artillery general V.D.Karamysheva
frequently appeared on receptions at the Chief of Mission. Emigrants
have based two share companies: " East Education "and" East facilities
". The first has received in the using a dairy farm and a site
usadebnoj the grounds, and the second - a printing house with all
subsidiary establishments. Administration of new trading companies
some time had uncertain character. At the same time Mission began to
resemble a brisk ant hill - new trees were spread, the old garden was
put in order, the set of the Chinese workers was prepared with the
ground areas for cultivation of vegetables. 

At the end of 1921 trading companies began to yield the loss. Truck
farming and shelkovodstvo appeared noncompetitive in China, and the
maintenance of numerous staff of employees absorbed all
incomes. Companies had no success. For liquidation of the unsuccessful
enterprises of Mission it was necessary to pay  30 000 american
dollars 

Unfortunately, the Russian emigration which is torn apart by internal
conflicts, frequently instead of gratitude of Mission for the help
answered it animosities. The monastic property in Beijing has been
seized and plundered by successors of mentioned above "companies". 

Lord Innokenty has been compelled to conduct set tjazhb concerning the
property of Mission. The most regrettable, that his opponents were
Russian emigrants. Subsequently the Chief of 20-th Mission, archbishop
Victor (Svjatin), wrote: " ? emigration has not justified trust of the
Chief of Mission. She on behalf of general Karamysheva, minister
Vologda, gr. Jacob Zvereva and Mr. George has carelessly disposed of
the property given in using and the enterprises of Mission and has led
Mission to impoverishment. Position of Mission has become complicated
also by that, having lost the state protection and the help, she
frequently began to be exposed to bad feeble efforts on the part of
bad people and establishments which took all measures to capture of
property of Mission " [25]. 

So, during signing the sovetsko-Chinese contract from May, 31,
1924. Mission has been put under threat to lose all property as
ostensibly to the property of the Soviet state. On the part of the
Soviet embassy in Beijing attempts to discredit were undertaken in
opinion of the Chinese authorities the Russian Spiritual Mission which
has sheltered refugees from Russia. In newspapers there were clauses
that behind walls of Mission disappears a lot of armed ungernovtsev -
officers-colleagues of baron Ungerna background SHternberga, grasping
Urgu. Wrote and that many officers hiding the true intentions by means
of monastic postriga, represent doubtless threat for safety of the
Chinese capital. These clauses, however, in a society have not
received a resonance. 

The chief of Mission managed to prove to the Chinese authorities, that
the lawful owner of property was the Church on behalf of the Russian
Spiritual Mission in China. Lord Innokenty also has officially
declared, that the Russian Spiritual Mission in China is called the
Chinese Orthodox Church. This was promoted also by that circumstance,
that, expecting attempts of capture by the Soviet authorities of
property of Mission, preosvjashchennyj Innokenty has re-registered the
most part of property for the name. 

In March, 1928. The Moscow metropolitan Sergy (Stragorodsky) has
addressed with the letter to lord Innokentiju. His maintenance was
reduced to that lord Sergy as Mestobljustitel the Patriarchal Throne
and the chapter of the Synod, asked archbishop Innokentija to report
on a condition of Orthodox Church in China. Archbishop Innokenty has
been deeply disturbed with this letter. Believing, that the authority
of metropolitan Sergija with a view of opposition of Russian
emigration including in China, it considered tries to use the Soviet
government, that Mestobljustitel the declaration of 1927 calls all
emigrants to be true the Soviet authority. Archbishop Innokenty,
considering, that the Moscow church authority to aspire to destroy
foreign church and to select its temples to please to authorities of
the USSR, has not answered the letter of metropolitan Sergija. 

In June, 1928. Harbinskie bishops have received the Decree of the Time
Moscow Sacred Synod from the June, 20, 1928, inverted to Karlovatskomu
to the Sacred Synod and metropolitan Evlogiju (Georgievskomu). The
essence of the Decree was reduced to the requirement of revealing of
the position in relation to the Moscow church authority: the question
was a recognition hierarches of abroad of authority of metropolitan
Antonija (Hrapovitskogo) or metropolitan Sergija (Stragorodskogo). In
the Decree it it was spoken and that any clergyman the recognizing
Moscow Synod, but not entering in the Soviet citizenship, is
discharged from nesenija the church obedience. Any of bishops in
territory of China has not considered possible to accept for itself
this Decree (however, some time preosvjashchennyj Nestor (Anisimov)
changed and even has declared a recognition of metropolitan Sergija,
but has changed the decision later). 

The main care of Mission, and all bishops of China, became, perhaps,
the help to requiring Russian emigrants. After the statement the Chief
of Mission by archbishop Innokentiem of the Charter of the Orthodox
Brotherhood in Tianjin, last beginning the activity under a management
prot. P.Razumova, and then - ieromonaha Victor (Svjatina). Activity of
the Brotherhood began to develop widely. 

In Shanghai on February, 22, 1923 under the initiative of known
Russian doctor-emigrant D.I.Kazakova " Russian Orthodox Brotherhood "
was open. Besides charity, the major problems of the Brotherhood were
strengthening morals among emigrants, preservation of Russian culture,
the sermon of Orthodoxy. The brotherhood organized numerous public
assemblies and lectures. By an orthodox Brotherhood have been
constructed Russian school in Shanghai and hospital for deprived. The
brotherhood owned also Commercial school and the Refuge for lonely and
aged women. 

The self-denying help to refugees from Russia has aggravated and
without that a heavy financial position of Mission. Deprived money
resources and the help from Russia, incomes of the farmsteads in
Moscow and Petrograd, burdened with duties, she has come almost to
full decline. So pitiable position was saddened also with intrigues of
enemies of lord Innokentija (them was much). Many did not love it for
irreconcilability to democratism of any sort. To an anniversary of
revolution in Russia lord Innokenty wrote: " To us try to inspire,
that the Church should not interfere with a policy. It is the bald
lie. The church should not accept participation in political
squabbles, should be higher than any political party: it they subvert
thrones, kolebljut the state foundations. In their hands of a
government-puppet ? And about what loyalty it is possible to speak,
when for obedience of today's authority tomorrow everyone can be
rasstreljan new authority?.. If we are Christians in reply to violence
of bolsheviks over Church we should interrupt with them any dialogue ?
Anger Divine will not be averted from us, while we not pokaemsja "
[26]. Angry tone of sermons of the lord, convicting sins and defects
of not church part of Russian emigration, irritated foes of archbishop
Innokentija. 

The religious life of Harbin occupied masterovymi and workers of the
Main Workshops and Depot KVZHD, was in decline. Sectarianism prospered
- such position was ratified owing to tearing away of arrivals of
Manchuria from Mission in 1907 and submission of their Vladivostok
diocese. It is enough to tell only, that in 1922 from 250 houses of
area Zaton in Harbin for Christmas Hristovo only 6 families have
accepted the priest bypassed area with religious procession. Cunningly
that, seeing cooling Russian by a church life, Pope in 1928 even has
sent to Harbin uniatskogo bishop for "sermon" among
Russian. Subsequently position has changed in connection with that in
Harbin many Russian clergymen - monashestvujushchie, diakony have
found a shelter, priests and bishops. Convicting hobby of a part of
emigrants for theosophy, the Chief of 18-th Mission wrote: " Many from
orthodox are seduced teosofskim with the doctrine. One out of
ignorance, others - for achievement of the malicious purposes which
carefully them disappear from uninitiated ? the Foundress teosofskogo
doctrines wrote: " our purpose - displace christianity from the person
of the ground " ? teosofy do not trust in Lord Jesus Christ as in the
God ? Those St.. Church sweeps aside and anafematstvuet " [27]. 

The compelled easing missionary activity among local population began
to be used by opponents of metropolitan Innokentija as an occasion to
reforming church management in China and to excitation of discontent
among Chinese - priests and laymen. But the Chief of Mission was not
the supporter of any democratic reforms in questions of church
management. His actions not have always been coordinated even with
Arhierejskim the Synod: Actually Beijing diocese was homing. All this
also was the reason nestroeny which, however, due to good
"administratorskim" to qualities of the Chief of Mission were showed
only in one incident. 

Was not edinomyslija among clergymen of Mission and Harbinskoj
dioceses. On December, 7, 1928 prot. Alexander Pinjaev, left for staff
of the Beijing diocese, wrote to Paris to one of the most outstanding
hierarches of Russian abroad, metropolitan Evlogiju (Georgievskomu): "
? not stopping judicial suit of archbishop Innokentija with many
Russian residents in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities of China,
especially for last 8 years, have finished the Russian Spiritual
Mission in Beijing with full ruin and poverty ? the Beijing Mission is
a fiction. Any educational and charitable establishments here is not
present, buildings are delapidated, a kind sad ". At the end of this
letter prot. Alexander Pinjaev asked blessing lord Evlogija on
formation of arrival which directly would submit to the
last. Metropolitan Evlogy in this occasion advised to address to
Moscow to metropolitan Sergiju (Stragorodskomu), itself having started
correspondence with Mestobljustitelem. 

In 1927 as a result of civil war in China the Shanghai bishop Simon
(Vinogradov) has sealed house military - prihodskoj a temple in honour
of prelate Nikolay in the Shanghai area Chzhabej. Later it has
demanded to transfer a building of a house temple for arhierejskoj to
a residence, however the community of this temple has not given the
consent to the lord. Notwithstanding what the temple has been sealed
with the ruling bishop, parishioners have removed seales and services
in a temple were illegally made within two years. The foreign Synod
has called a community to obey requirements and orders of church
authority, however parishioners still persisted. In the report from
November, 5, 1928. Prihodskogo assemblies of members of Russian Church
Arrivals-communities in Shanghai signed by general Glebov it is
spoken: " ? we, the believers sharply experiencing all these church
nestroenie, deprived any opportunity by church dialogue and the
general pray to satisfy our religious needs ? have decided: 1) To form
in Shanghai Russian Orthodox the Arrival-community, not the
subordinate neither legally, nor spiritually the Russian Spiritual
Mission in China on behalf of its Chief of Archbishop Innokentija, his
deputy of bishop Simona (Shanghai vikary. - Avt.), and submitting
entirely Mestobljustitelju the All-Russia Patriarchal Throne to
Metropolitan Peter Krutitsky ? 2) To invite competent orthodox priests
sympathizing us and to ask them to start to make immediately church
divine services ? " [28]. In the performance of item 2 Prihodskoj
Advice has addressed to zashtatnomu to archpriest of the Beijing
diocese about. To Alexander Pinjaevu. Last twice, on January, 26 and
on March, 12, 1929 wrote to Moscow Mestobljustitelju to metropolitan
Sergiju with the request for acceptance in his jurisdiction, but the
answer has not received and on March, 18, 1929 has repeatedly
addressed to metropolitan Evlogiju already with the request not from
itself personally, and from the Shanghai arrival. Metropolitan Evlogy
as a result of correspondence on this question with metropolitan
Sergiem has accepted the Shanghai arrival to the jurisdiction and,
thus, classical church split - formation of arrival without the
knowledge of the ruling bishop within the limits of his diocese, in
Shanghai, appeared made out. 

Certainly, the church life has consisted not of one only nestroeny. In
Tianjin, in many respects diligence then still ieromonaha Victor
(Svjatina) in 1921 had been based the Brotherhood of Orthodox Church,
and at it - hospital, a programmar school and library. In 1928 here on
donations of large local philanthropist I.V.Kulaeva the stone temple
consecrated by archbishop Innokentiem in honour of a holiday of Cover
Presvjatoj of the Virgin (the iconostasis for an old temple was
pozhertvovan still Emperor Nikolay II) has been attached to a small
chapel. In 1928 F.Rublyov and B.V.Bobrishcheva-Pushkin's by diligence
the House of mercy prep was open. Serafima Sarovsky. In 1931 at it the
prayful house has been built. Russian Tianjin was glorified by the
charity. 

In limits Harbinskoj of a diocese - the basic territory within the
limits of which emigrants settled - temples opened, educational
institutions including seminary, orthodox books were issued were under
construction, charity developed. 

Activity of the hierarches who have appeared in territory of
Manchuria, was shown in indefatigable affairs of mercy and cares about
strazhdushchih. So, under the initiative of bishop Dimitrija
Hajlarskogo have been created " Serafimovsky a shelter " for
boys-orphans with the purpose to give him krov, I peep and "
Serafimovskaja a dining room " which should serve poor men - to give
needy dinners for a symbolical payment, and deprived -
free-of-charge. 

On the ground area of Spaso-preobrazhenskiy church of the Case small
town in Harbin prot. M.Filologov has created " the House-refuge of
metropolitan Mefodija " for widows, orphans and aged of a
ministry. Means gathered by concerts, lotteries and gathering of
donations. Cares on research of means of drop on a share of Ladies'
Committee at a shelter. 

Per 1929 the Soviet armies on the Far East have intruded limits of
China in Trehreche, pursuing Russian refugees from Siberia and White
Guards. Concerning atrocities of bolsheviks in Trehreche metropolitan
Antony has responded the reference to all nations of the world: " Soul
tearing apart data go from the Far East. Red groups have intruded
limits of China and with all cruelty have fallen upon Russian
refugees-natives of Russia, found in the hospitable Chinese country a
shelter from a red animal. The whole settlements Russian are
destroyed, all man's population is exterminated, children, women are
forced and killed. There is no mercy to age, either a floor, or weak,
the patient. All Russian population, unarmed, in Chinese territory
Trehrechja is destroyed, shot with horrifying cruelty and with mad
tortures " [29]. The wave of Russian refugees has rushed to Harbin
where all of them have received krov, I peep, a thoughtfulness in
"House-refuge", and only by 1930 they began to come back in
Trehreche. The virgin-Vladimir female monastery also has taken part in
their destiny. At the Monastery the shelter for girls in the name of
St. has been created. Ravnoap. Princesses Olga. 

About 1925 in Modjagou on rather big ground area " the House of mercy
" has been constructed Skorbjashchensky the temple of the Kamchatka
farmstead more known as. The founder of a temple archbishop Kamchatka
Nestor was. At the House of mercy were available a shelter for
girls-orphans and aged women, ikonopisnaja workshop. The input had
vozdvignuta a chapel in memory of the deceased of Emperor Nikolay II
and the Serbian king Alexander. 

The second vikary the Beijing diocese, bishop of Ion (Pokrovsky),
since October, 19, 1922 of veins on an item. Manchuria. His feat -
apostolic service. Bishop Melety so wrote about it: " the Population
of of Manchuria as alien from different places of Russia, in the
religious attitude it has not been brought up properly. The new
extensive and magnificant temple of Mission has been visited
bogomoltsami in small quantity, the church sermon was in very weak
kind ? " [30]. Arrived the lord of the Ion the erudition, a spiritual
mood, charitable and public work has got general love of flock and has
connected all together. Prelate of the Ion, accepting direct
participation in a life and education of children, has based a shelter
on an item. Manchuria. In the same place the lowest and maximum
initial schools with free-of-charge training, a free-of-charge dining
room, an ambulance station and library for spiritual education of
local population have been created.. 

Preosvjashchennyj the Ion also issued a leaf of the spiritual-moral
maintenance and read a rate of lectures on Harbinskih theological
rates. 

Russian Orthodox Church Abroad has glorified prelate to the Ion in a
face sacred in 1996 In the Certificate about canonization of Prelate
Ions Hankouskogo to be spoken: " All 3-years service of bishop Ions
appeared such execution of main precept Hristovoj about mercy, that
for execution similar, to another, even and to the kind worker,
decades would be necessary. The sizes and forces of this service were
remembered in Manchuria both orthodox, and pagans. Up activity of
prelate Preosvjashchennyj Melety, then still bishop Transbaikalian,
written about prelate the Ion, that it precisely sums, executing main
precept Hristovu: hungry has fed, thirsting has given to drink,
wandering has accepted, poor has dressed, the patient has visited ?
Execution of this precept prepared vsezhiznennym by a feat, there were
the maintenance of all life of bishop Ions - that kind business of
which bishop zapovedano to wish ? Already more than 60 years
consciousness church esteems prelate to the Ion as flatterer Bozhija
who has gained good fortune to pray for calling his name " [31]. 

On September, 13, 1996 the Foreign Synod has defined prelate to the
Ion to consider flatterer Bozhiim in a face sacred in the Earth
Russian beamed. 

Church publishing was extensive also. In New Modjagou (Harbin) was
issued by monastic printing house Kazansko-Bogoroditskoj of a
monastery spiritual magazine " Bread heavenly ", and also appendices
to magazine: " Children's reading ", the collection " Christmas
ringing of church bells ", the collection "Hope", " Lives sacred ", "
the Christian life on Dobrotoljubiju ", " the Church encyclopaedic
dictionary ", " the Way of the orthodox Christian in Kingdom of heaven
", " the Brief sketch of occurrence, organization and a life of the
Monastery ". 

In 1930 began construction of a majestic Sofia temple - ornaments of
all Harbin. In general in Harbin with 1918 on 1931 the following
temples have been constructed: Piously-Nikolaev at city prison,
Piously-Peter and Paul in Sungarijskom a small town,
Piously-preobrazhenskiy in a case small town, the Kamchatka farmstead,
the Bogoroditsko-Vladimir female monastery (it is based in 1924
igumeniej Rufinoj). At a monastery there was a cave temple in memory
vmch. Dimitrija Solunskogo, Kazansko-Bogoroditsky a man's monastery in
Gondatevke, Borisoglebskaja church in TSinhe, the Piously-Nikolaev
church in Private Zatone, Ioanno-theological at shelter-school "
Russian house ", Ioanno-Predtechenskaja at the Moscow barracks,
Proroko-Ilinskaja on Quay, Pokrovskaja on the Old cemetery. Built
churches and on a railroad line - Sv.-Troitskaja on an
item. SHitouhetszy, Piously-Nikolaev on an item. An echo, Piously -
Georgievskaja on an item. Hajlin, Piously-Vladimir on an item. JAomyn,
Spaso-preobrazhenskiy on an item. Laoshagou. In 1922 on blessing
archbishop Harbinskogo Mefodija archimandrite Juvenaly (subsequently
bishop Sintszjansky, and then - TSitsikarsky) has based a man's
monastery on island Krestovom of Harbin, but has the same year left
for Serbia. During his departure the monastery has been transferred in
area New Modjagou. Having returned per 1924 to Harbin, arhim. JUvenaly
again has been appointed by builder Kazansko-Bogoroditskoj of a
monastery. His works have erected trehprestolnyj a temple in honour of
Kazan icon Bozhiej of Mother with pridelami vmch. Panteleimona and
Arhistratiga Michael. The monastery was glorified also by the
devotees. Most known of them - shimonah Michael and ieroshimonah
Ignaty, the gifts which have accepted from the God of insight and an
incessant pray. At this monastery the hospital of name Kazem-Beka also
has been created. 

The main feature of this period became isolation of the Russian
Spiritual Mission and Harbinskoj dioceses from Russia is became the
reason of transition in management of the Foreign Synod. Actually
missionary activity successfully developing till 1918, became almost
impossible - in Beijing Mission has met unsoluble financial
difficulties, and in Harbin and on all Northeast, and in Xinjiang
parishioners basically there were Russian emigrants. Frequently they
also did not think that their duty of apostolic service if has been
executed, would be a stone on which Orthodoxy in China would be
ratified. Basically emigration lived on nostalgic memoirs on the
Native land and did not try to find a way to spiritual sense to hearts
of Chinese who have hospitably sheltered them. In this plan Russian
emigration appeared insolvent - half-million person which the Lord for
three decades has exhausted from Russia to China, could not acquaint
China with Orthodoxy widely. Frequently and priests were not
interested in Chinese people, considering, that their flock - the
Russian emigrants. Perhaps, the missionary role was played with
charity - in the help did not refuse all coming irrespective of,
orthodox were strazhdushchie whether or not. And in it there was an
execution of precepts Hristovyh about mercy, in charity the belief
that was shown on behalf of everyone strazhdushchego before us - the
Savior. Construction of temples, reverence of cemeteries also
testified to piety orthodox and caused respect in Chinese. 

The problem of preservation of Orthodoxy among the Russian emigrants
in China has been executed: perhaps, in one other country of the world
the culture, old way of pre-revolutionary Russia and belief were not
kept in such completeness of tradition. So, in Harbin, Tsingtao, Sanhe
and other cities of China Easter, Christmas and other church holidays
were not only holidays of orthodox emigrants, but also holidays of all
local residents. 

Lord Innokenty (Figurovsky) has been awarded with a dignity of
metropolitan in 1928. It has approached to a limit of a terrestrial
life, being jealous about the Divine truth, borjas with defects in the
environment of Russian emigration. It called all for association under
the canopy of Church, terribly convicting disbelief, lawlessness and
dissoluteness of a part of Russian emigration. Metropolitan Innokenty
was also the firm keeper of unity of Church and unalterability of its
canons. 

Metropolitan Innokenty knew not only that the end of his life has come
nearer, but knew also day of the death. Before death the lord dreamed,
as in a room to it has come a lot of people, clerics in oblachenii,
with images. The lord has asked: " In what occasion came with images?
" Someone has answered: " To read the burial service ? " to Lord
Simonu, the future Chief of Mission, before visiting the dying
metropolitan also dream was: it sees sitting on a platform before
apartments of metropolitan. And here the bird with a blossoming branch
has risen, then its kind has changed in an image of an angel with
blossoming branches in hands. Lord Simon has told to someone: " Here
it is an angel ? " And someone has answered: " Yes, it is one of
twelve ". Metropolitan has understood these dreams as the instruction
on death. It has passed away on June, 28, 1931 

In an anniversary of death of metropolitan Innokentija archbishop
Simon in the lecture spoke: " the Deceased the lord metropolitan
Innokenty especially honoured day of the hirotonii in bishop as day of
the basis of Church Hristovoj in China, but not day on June, 3, and
day of the Sacred Spirit, the second day of holiday Pjatidesjatnitsy
which that year fell to this number ? On a grade of Orthodox Church
when the new temple is under construction, under the Throne hands
arhierejskimi rely power of sacred martyrs. So by hands of the
deceased of lord Innokentija in the basis of the Chinese Church are
collected and pogrebeny on a site of Mission in Beijing remains it is
martyr victims for orthodox belief of Chinese " [32]. 

All temples, houses, structures of Mission in Beijing have been
created by metropolitan Innokentiem, lived memory of it and were
inspired with his precepts. It was pogreben in a crypt of church of
All Sacred Martyrs in territory of the Mission built by him on a
communal grave of sacred martyrs-Chinese. 

In the same temple with 1938 on 1957 pokoilis remains killed in 1918
in Alapaevsk relatives of family of Sovereign of Emperor Nikolay
II. In 1938 in connection with the begun occupation of China by Japan
they have been transferred in walls of Mission, and in 1957 in
connection with re-planning of territory of former Mission on which
the embassy of the USSR has settled down, they again have been
transferred on a cemetery. In the letter to bishop Illarionu
Manhettenskomu from June, 6, 1990. T.Bagration recollected: " ? the
deceased lord John Shanhajsky told to mother Tamara, that when we left
from Beijing and should take Beijing red coffins in a temple have been
lowered under the ground and are covered with cement that them could
not find " [33]. 

With death of metropolitan Innokentija the whole epoch of a life of
Mission in China has come to the end. The irreconcilable opponent of
democratic principles in Church has left, and at his coffin the
aspiration of Russian reformers to realize the "revolutionary" plan
was showed. They tried to transform church build, existing within the
limits of Spiritual Mission, and nationalist character has been given
to this question. 

To a place of lord Innokentija has been appointed preosvjashchennyj
Simon, erected in a dignity of archbishop on June, 26, 1931 

Lord Simon (in world Sergy) was born in 1876 in family of prior
Sretenskogo of a temple in Vladimir on Klyazma, prot. Andrey
Vinogradova. With otrocheskih years it dreamed about monashestve and
aspired to a lonely ascetic life. Having ended spiritual school and
seminary in Vladimir, it has acted in the Kazan Spiritual
Academy. Being the student of Academy, has been cut in monashestvo on
May, 7, 1899 by bishop Antoniem (Hrapovitskim) and it is named
Simonom, and in two days it is erected in diakonsky a dignity. In 1901
it became ieromonahom. Having ended Academy in 1902 with a degree of
the candidate of divinity, ieromonah Simon has been appointed in the
Russian Spiritual Mission in China. Having arrived in Beijing it has
engaged in assiduously missionary service and restoration destroyed
during revolt ihetuanej Missions. Some time it served on a farmstead
of Mission in Harbin, then has been appointed by the assistant to the
Chief of Mission. On holiday Uspenija Presvjatoj of the Virgin in
1907. It have erected in a dignity of archimandrite, and on September,
17, 1922 in Harbin it was made it hirotonija in bishop Shanghai, the
first vikarija the Beijing diocese. With occurrence in China Russian
emigrants lord Simon showed special care about strazhdushchih
compatriots. 

Preosvjashchennyj Simon the sample of humility and obedience showed
itself. The assiduous prayer book, it was also the ascetic, trying all
life to be imperceptible. His distinctive feature, besides ascetism
and the perfect humility, was severity to itself in discharge of
duties. To near it always concerned with love and goodheartedness. It
possessed gift for speaking. Many remember it as startsa, gained the
world spiritual and decorated with virtue of insight. 

Brief time of board 19-th Mission was not quiet. It has been saddened
with attempt of split on the part of the Chinese clergy headed by the
oldest priest-Chinese, the son of martyr Mitrofana Tszi (the first
orthodox priest from Chinese), prot. Sergiem the Tub. Last on death
vl. Innokentija has addressed to Nankinskomu to the government with
the request for purpose as his Chief of Spiritual Mission as oldest
cleric of China. In these aspirations it was guided by that
vl. Innokenty has not left the written will to the Chinese flock. The
basic motive, certainly, was desire to take hold of property of
Mission. At vl. Innokentii prot. Sergy helped it to conduct all
judicial suit, had communications in the Chinese court, knew many men
of weight and has been well informed in all legal issues. Prot. Sergy
the Tub considered, that the primary goal of Mission - the sermon of
Orthodoxy among Chinese - has been replaced unfair, in his opinion,
with care of the Russian emigrants. Nankinskoe the government, having
considered the request prot. Sergija, has ratified it in the rank of
the Chief of Mission - formally it became the owner of property of
Mission. But actually Mission archbishop Simon owned. 

Later the successor of archbishop Simona, the Chief of 20-th Mission
lord Victor (Svjatin), recollected that restless time: " at the late
Chief of Mission archbishop Simone ? the Chinese orthodox clergy
maintained by party gomindan, took all measures to capture of
Mission. Was already almost dogovoreno all business of the Chief to
reduce to a post of Honourable Chairman of Advice of Mission while
administrative authority, the facilities and property of Mission
should be transferred and be in hands of the Chinese clergy. At that
time I was already vikariem Archbishop Simona, have in due time come
of it to the rescue and the general efforts had been prevented
malicious business " [34]. Preosvjashchennyj Simon has shown
unexpected hardness, having declared about inopportuneness of changes
in the field of church building that was demanded by supporters
prot. Sergija the Tub, and then also has at all rejected reforms. 

And nevertheless lord Simon should concede in questions on
cancellation of marriages. It with the big work has gone on a way of
prophet Moiseja, allowed to give razvodnoe the letter " on cruelty of
people Israeli ". But, having founded Advice of Mission on divorce
affairs, it has removed it from Beijing to Shanghai and has
transferred in conducting Shanghai vikarija. 

In a kind of insistings of the Maximum Church Management to carry out
in China democratic reforms in church vl. Simon has charged
archimandrite Victor (Svjatinu) to develop Position about management
of the Russian Spiritual Mission in China as Chinese diocese of
Orthodox Church. Having made sure, that in Europe svjashchennonachalie
not quite clearly imagines special conditions of existence of Mission
in China, it sent archimandrite Victor to 1932 as the representative
on Arhierejsky the Cathedral in Sremskie Karlovtsy
(Yugoslavia). Result of this business trip became more correct
notification by the Synod about affairs of Mission. The Russian
Spiritual Mission has been organized as a diocese from five
blagochinnicheskih districts. 

Special care vl. Simona made erection of a constant temple in
Shanghai. After defeat of revolution of 1925-1927 in China the
government of a party gomindan has declared itself the Central
government of the Chinese Republic and has transferred capital from
Beijing to Nanking. In China civil war began. Cathedral Bogojavlensky
a cathedral of Shanghai, which basis it has been incorporated in 1903,
in March, 1927 appeared in an epicentre of military actions. The
clergy of the Cathedral, under protection of police group of the
international concession of Shanghai and the Shanghai Russian the
Shelf, has been evacuated on territory of the French concession of
Shanghai. Also all Russian population of Shanghai there has moved. The
cathedral has been plundered by the Chinese soldiers. In territory of
the French concession construction of a new temple began in honour of
an icon " Sporuchnitsa guilty " - in an old Cathedral of divine
service have renewed only in 1929, however the most part of
parishioners has passed to a new cathedral, also the bishop in the
same place served. 

Old Bogojavlensky the Cathedral and the house zemljachestva at it was
kept down to 1932 when on January, 28 during military actions the
Japanese shell, having got in a belltower of a temple, became the
reason of the fire which has destroyed the first orthodox temple of
Shanghai. It was possible to transfer in arhierejsky a temple only
sacred vessels and an insignificant part of church utensils. The
Japanese authorities though have recognized the fault and promised to
restore a temple, having borrowed Shanghai on place Bogojavlenskogo of
the Cathedral have cleared the way and since already nothing reminds
of an old Cathedral. 

End of construction of a new Cathedral in honour of icon Bozhiej of
Mother Sporuchnitsy guilty was last will of archbishop Simona. It
spoke: " The last year we have lost former at us the consecrated
temple. The Lord popustil, that our temple is destroyed. Expecting our
repentance, the Lord has admitted to us to arrange Prayful houses but
if we shall think that it is possible to do without and a temple the
anger Divine will not be slow to come on us and we in one day we shall
lose also prayful houses, and we shall be left to wander in darkness
which have loved more, than light ? the Shanghai Russian society if
with veroju and unanimity will start construction of a temple, will be
blessed before the God. Afonskaja icon Bozhiej of Mother is sent to
China in 1903. In 1926 she has been given to me in blessing at my
departure to Shanghai. This icon refers to " Sporuchnitsa guilty " as
it is written on the icon. Presvjataja Deva Maria is entrusted before
the God for sinners, for their correction, and promises the help to
everyone who will search for this help ? " [35]. Archbishop Simonu
could not finish a construction of the Cathedral. In the middle of
February, 1933, making consecration of a place for a cathedral in
Shanghai, archbishop Simon has caught a cold. Illness progressed, and
on February, 24 it has silently died. His body has been transported to
Beijing and pogrebeno in a crypt of the right gallery of a temple of
All Sacred Martyrs, near to a place of burial of metropolitan
Innokentija. At transferring a coffin with his remains in 1940 it has
been noticed, that they were imperishable. It was one of devotees of
piety, truly " a rule of belief and in the image of mildness ". 

Foreign Arhierejsky the Synod has appointed the chief of 20-th Mission
bishop Victor. It was born in family diakona Victor Svjatina in
Verhneuralske of the Orenburg province on August, 2, 1893 and has been
named Leonid. Having ended Seminary in Orenburg, has acted in the
Kazan Spiritual Academy. In two years Leonid Svjatin - the hot patriot
- has gone to a field army on the Caucasian front. His revolution
there has found. After unsuccessful attempts to restore the broken
discipline in parts and after final disorder of fighting front, it has
arrived to Chelyabinsk where has been appointed by the Chief of the
Organizational department of the Orenburg white army. After long and
persistent struggle with krasnoarmejskimi groups in turgajskih and
semirechenskih steppes, it in structure of group of general Bakicha
has departed to border of the Chinese Turkestan. Together with
patients much hopelessly with a typhus, shtabs-captain Leonid Svjatin
has been taken out to China. Having recovered from illness, it in
structure of group under command of the general of. Item. Zhukov has
reached through Hankow Beijing where within the precincts of the
Russian Spiritual Mission has found a shelter and the spiritual
instructor - the future Chief of 19-th Mission, archimandrite
Simona. Leonid Svjatin has accepted monastic Victor has cut with a
name. The text of his application for a name preosvjashchennogo
Innokentija about postrizhenii in monks was kept: " my late father
very much wished to see me priest Hristovoj and was glad when I, on
favour Bozhiej, having ended the Orenburg Theological seminary, has
acted and studied in Spiritual Academy. I quite divided his sights,
but the Lord judged differently. World war has thrown me in rough
waves of the everyday sea, and the flown squall of revolution has
broken my paternal krov. After long wanderings, heavy tests,
misfortunes and losses of everything that is expensive heart, I again,
at will of the Allmighty God, appeared is close to ways of the last
life. 

The present life of secular people with its policy, mean intrigues and
in a roundabout way, at all does not satisfy me, she is not pleasant
to me, and I feel a strong desire to leave from gaping emptiness of
high life. 

Forces yet izzhity, the soul yet has not died away, energy is present,
I have not lost sincere abilities, years I have young, and I hope
under a skilled management to develop the spiritual forces and to
bring the feasible help to business of Church Hristovoj that is why I
ask you, yours Preosvjashchenstvo, sanctions and blessings on
postrizhenie me in inochesky a grade. 

I hope for Lord Jesus. It will help me to clear soul of sinful
passions, will strengthen and will set me. I believe, that the Son
Divine will not leave me and will open a source of Christian saving
love in my guilty heart, and " the love gives rise to knowledge ",
hence, to me not so hours of tests and days of despondency will be
terrible. I shall know and feel, that I stand on a unique way which
conducts to knowledge of goods, truths and beauty of a life. 

Ask your sanction at postrizhenii to name me of father, i.e. to name
me Victor. 

Requiring for yours Svjatitelskih prays, guilty, unworthy, nizhajshy
your novice Leonid Svjatin " [36]. 

Here soon it has been imposed in presvitery and per 1921 by the order
of the Chief of Mission of bishop Innokentija has been sent on
business to Vladivostok, in East institute - for studying the Chinese
language. Till 1922 last rests of white army battled in Primorski
Krai, but by October have been compelled to leave his limits. 

The wave of refugees has again brought ieromonaha Victor to
Beijing. It has been the same year appointed by Prior Tjantszinskogo
of a temple. In Tianjin about. Victor was entirely gave service
near. It tried suit all on service. In effect his apartment those
years could be named the House of mercy of father Victor. Emigrants
named her " Hotel Victor ". In 1929 during great consecration
Pokrovskogo of a temple in Tianjin father Victor has been erected in a
dignity of archimandrite. During business trip on the Cathedral in
Sremskie Karlovtsy metropolitan Antony (Hrapovitsky) presiding over
the Cathedral has suggested to erect archimandrite Victor in a dignity
of bishop and to appoint vikariem the Beijing diocese to Shanghai. The
decision it was unexpectedness for archimandrite, and it has asked to
postpone his execution as there was no formal consent of the Chief of
Mission vl. Simona. Archimandrite Victor has left to China, but has
been returned from a way by metropolitan Antoniem who has received on
telegraph the necessary consent of archbishop Simona. On November, 6,
1932 in the Belgrad Cathedral has taken place rukopolozhenie father
Victor in bishop Shanghai. 

Having headed in July, 1934 the Russian Spiritual Mission in China,
vl. Victor, as well as his predecessor, archbishop Simon, has collided
aversion on the part of the Chinese clergy. 

On February, 9, 1934 the oldest Chinese priest of Mission prot. Sergy
the Tub has addressed with the letter to Mestobljustitelju the
Patriarchal Throne to metropolitan Sergiju (Stragorodskomu) to Moscow
with the complaint to the new Chief of Mission, bishop Victor
authorized by the Foreign Synod on death of archbishop Simona
ostensibly without the knowledge of missijskogo of clergy in a post
and in management by the Beijing diocese. Prot. Sergy the Tub also
informed what it, prot. Sergy, it is authorized Nankinskim by the
Government in the rights of the lawful successor of metropolitan
Innokentija in the rank of the Chief of the Russian Spiritual Mission
in China and possesses the legal rights to the real estate of
Mission. In the same letter prot. Sergy the Tub asked metropolitan
Sergija to accept it and true to it flock under the omofor. In
inflaming vnutrimissijsky the conflict prot. Sergy has tried to
involve the Moscow hierarches. 

On April, 11, 1934. Tjantszinskaja the Russian newspaper " the New
dawn " has published the text of the reciprocal telegram of
metropolitan Sergija prot. Sergiju to the Tub: " I Accept you in
conducting the Moscow Patriarchy. Temporarily I charge you zavedyvanie
orthodox arrivals to China. I wait for the detailed
report. Metropolitan Sergy ". Mestobljustitel in infringement of
church canons has accepted in the jurisdiction arrivals not belonging
to it. For Easter of 1934 prot. Sergy behind divine service uplifted
prays about health of metropolitan Sergija who has been not recognized
as any pomestnoj as orthodox Church. 

In the letter to metropolitan Sergiju from November, 29, 1935
prot. Sergy the Tub wrote: " the Main clerics have no spiritual
formation. One were boxers-murderers of orthodox Christians during
boxing revolt, others - turncoats of belief and Mother-church and
aggressors of spiritual authority, the third - deprived a dignity or
dismissed for criminality - all these people now live together and use
the blessings of Mission. I with the followers suffered from them "
much [37]. Further in this letter prot. Sergy the Tub suggested to
create Far East Ekzarhat led by lord Sergiem Japanese. Concerning that
jurisdiktsionno dioceses in territory of China have obeyed
Karlovatskomu to the Synod, prot. Sergy wrote: " Vinogradari kill
vinogradarej, observers - observers not because of fruits, and because
of hatred the friend to the friend ? Vladyko, do not worry about me,
times I have not recognized metropolitan Antonija and I shall not
recognize, but only at the request of orthodox Chinese and Russian I
have allowed bishop Victor to be sheltered temporarily in Mission up
to the decision of conference with a condition of an opportunity of
the future recognition you the chapter of Church ? Certainly, you,
Vladyko, do not want to choose plevely with wheat. Suffer, let both
grow till time ? my main request ? to relieve innocent orthodox
Chinese of an arbitrariness of fugitives - Russian clerics and from
illegal aggressors of Mission " [38]. 

To this letter, informing about the svjashchennonachalii, the author
has applied characteristics of all clergy the Missions made in the
most unflattering paints. It is interesting, that all subsequent
letters to Moscow prot. Sergy sent on the form with an inscription: "
the Chinese diocese, Managing Orthodox arrivals " also signed them as
" the Manager of the Chinese diocese ". On his seal it has been cut
out " the Chinese Orthodox Church ". In the Easter congratulation on
March, 25, 1936 it wrote: " Is moved I pray to the God for talent to
you of kind health and forces for correction of the former Russian
Church which have lost initial force, and returning zabludivshihsja
the pastors brought up in servility and carrying the academic badge,
instead of apostolic spirit. Yes the Lord the God will give you
knowledge and reason for the blessing of your Native land - the USSR "
[39]. 

From the initial party it there was an attempt of church split, and
all rules and church canons - prot were broken. Sergy has not informed
on the letter to Moscow lord Victor, lzhivo speaking it, that
recognizes as his chapter of Mission and thus achieved the sanction in
Nanking on reception for itself the legal rights of the Chief of
Mission. As could prot. Sergy to not obey metropolitan Antoniju and,
even temporarily, to recognize as the Chief of Mission lord Victor? In
the aspirations to grasp Mission prot. Sergy the Tub leaned on
nationalist adjusted Chinese clergy desiring undividedly to dominate
in Mission, not having ripened yet for this purpose. 

We shall note, however, that in the letter quoted above prot. Sergy
has mentioned that lord Victor in 1935 thought of possible ways of
reunion with the Moscow church authority at approach of favorable
circumstances. 

In Church nothing is made without lawful blessing bishop. And any
priest has no right to solve the problem wilfully on " initial force "
or blagodatnosti this or that Church besides the lawful Cathedral
solving similar questions. Besides the priest can stop to submit to
the bishop only in case last openly eretichestvuet and persists in
error. But all knew lord Victor as the zealous pastor, loved and
remembered his charity. Fortunately for Mission, prot. Sergy the Tub
of the few has declined on the party. Basically it there were
clergymen of his arrival in Tianjin. The most part of the Chinese
clergy, and especially laymen, was grateful to Russian pastors for
their selfless missionary works in complex conditions and for that
love to China which priests had, craft Bozhiim appeared in this
country. However attempt of split in 1935. With the purpose of
submission of church authority in Moscow has unexpectedly found out
raznomyslie among clergymen of Mission. Lord Victor and his flock
managed to convince Nankinskoe the government of the correctness, and
split itself has calmed down. 

Lord Victor by virtue of complexity of internal political conditions
in China appeared before necessity of carrying out of full
centralization of management Mission. First of all the decree from
May, 3, 1938 it has transferred a residence of Advice of Mission from
Shanghai to Beijing and has founded the Management of Spiritual
Mission consisting of Advice, the Economic board and Office. In a
basis of Management of the Russian Spiritual Mission as a diocese the
following was necessary: 

         1. Erection of the Chief of Spiritual Mission in a dignity of
         bishop was the basis of the Chinese Orthodox Church that is
         confirmed Arhierejskim with the Cathedral of the Russian
         Foreign Church which have established then a title of the
         Chief of Mission - " Bishop Beijing and Chinese ". 
         2. The Russian Spiritual Mission in China was the ruling
         center of this diocese, Spiritual Mission and a diocese were
         inseparable. 
         3. It is recognized inapplicable church build under Charter
         Pomestnogo of the Cathedral of Russian Orthodox Church of
         1917-1918 by virtue of prospective temporariness of
         emigration. So according to decrees Foreign Arhierejskogo the
         Synod (? 1917 from July, 20, 1930) About purpose vl. Victor
         to head Management of Mission, the last has been concentrated
         in a place of stay of the Chief of Mission for the valid
         management by him Management of Mission. Advice and the
         Economic board have been recognized as bodies consultative,
         office - executive. Advice of Mission has consisted of
         Chairman of Advice of Mission Taking up a place (the person
         in presviterskom a dignity), three members of Advice of
         Mission in presviterskom a dignity and two laymen. The
         secretary of Advice was included into his structure on a
         post. For replacement of members of Advice of Mission two
         assistants - the layman and presviter were appointed. Advice
         of Mission was subdivided into departments: missionary,
         educational and teaching and educational,
         tserkovno-prihodskih and the charitable organizations,
         tserkovno-administrative and judicial, divorce. 

The account of churches, clergy has been ordered, got klirovye sheets,
usileno there was a supervision over position of churches of a
diocese, account books, balance sheets have been got, printed
prihodskie books and books for distrain. Programs under Law Bozhiju
for teaching at schools have been entered. Missionary activity consist
in development and realization of the project of opening
katehizatorskih rates for the Chinese population, opening closed in
1919 missionary stanov was supposed. Opening on the big arrivals
protivosektantskih missionary rates and carrying out of conversations,
the edition protivosektantskih leaflets planned. The magazine "
Chinese blagovestnik " continued to be issued. 

The economic board has consisted of Chairman on behalf of the Deputy,
Chairman of Advice of Mission Taking up a place, the treasurer, the
bookkeeper, 12 Economic board managing by departments and the
controller of the Economic board. The economic board knew questions of
material character. First of all ordering the reporting and
improvement of separate branches of a facilities was necessary. 

The office of Mission knew office-work on all affairs of management
and operated under a direct management of the Chief of Mission. 

All undertaken vl. Victor measures have led to improvement of a
financial position of Mission. This was promoted also by consolidation
of a financial position of all Russian emigration on the Far
East. During management of Mission of lord Victor prayful houses and
temples in Beijing, Kalgan, CHifu were open, Jilin (Girin), on the
Dam, in Siangan (Hong Kong), Guangzhou (Canton), Aomin (Macao) and
even Manila, is constructed a monastery near Dalian (Distant), a
temple in Laoshani, other temples. The construction of many temples
which have begun earlier has been completed, the new ground areas are
got some. 

On May, 28, 1934 dedication has taken place in Belgrade in John's
(Maksimovicha) bishops. Lord John was last of those bishops, which
rukopolagal metropolitan Antony (Hrapovitsky) heading Russian Orthodox
Church abroad. Metropolitan Antony, refusing from the offer of
archbishop Hajlarskogo Dimitrija to leave on rest to China, wrote to
it to the answer: " my Friend, I is already so old and weak, that I
cannot think of any travel, except for travel on a cemetery ? But
instead of myself, as my soul as my heart, I send to you the Lord of
bishop John. This small, weak person, almost the child with a kind, is
any miracle of ascetic stability and severity presently a general
spiritual relaxation " [40]. 

For itself lords John his dedication in an episcopal dignity was full
unexpectedness. When it have caused to Belgrade, it considered, that
the invitation has received by mistake as to devote in bishops owed
any another ieromonaha John. When it, referring on the tongue-tie,
tried to oppose hirotonii, to it have specified that, as Prophet
Moisej had the same lack. 

Preosvjashchennyj John has been appointed by bishop to Shanghai where
has arrived for a holiday of Introduction Bozhiej of Mother to the
Temple on December, 4, 1934 Lord John has restored in the Shanghai
flock the church unity broken by split prot. A.Pinjaeva, has
established friendly communications with orthodox Greeks and Serbs of
Shanghai and has engaged in end of construction of a majestic
Cathedral in honour of icon Bozhiej of Mother Sporuchnitsa
guilty. Lord John was the inspirer of construction of many orthodox
temples in Shanghai. 

Lord John special attention gave monashestvu. His deep belief was
opinion that monasteries - keepers of a fortress and cleanliness of
Orthodoxy. By diligence preosvjashchennogo John on March, 20, 1936 in
Shanghai the farmstead Beijing female Pokrovskogo a monastery was
open. Originally it settled down in the street Pol Anri
(sovr. Sinjue), ? 78. The first nastojatelnitsej the Matron was his
igumenija. Arrived on consecration of a farmstead on blessing the
Chief of Mission bishop Sintszjansky Juvenaly in the sermon especially
has paid attention that the farmstead is called to help deprived women
from Russian emigration in Shanghai. Subsequently on a farmstead
podvizalis about 15 sisters. 

Lord John loved for special charity. All public undertakings of
Russian Shanghai - construction of hospital, a shelter, a grammar
school, houses for aged, a public dining room, commercial school - all
this was made on his blessing and with his personal participation. The
grateful flock of lord John wrote to metropolitan Meletiju to Harbin:
" From the date of his arrival ? from anything the shelter svjat was
created. Tihona Zadonskogo, now feeding, obuvajushchy and studying 200
children; position of the House of Mercy has improved over. Filareta
Mercy; patients in all Shanghai hospitals are visited by priests, in
time prichashchajutsja ? at many foreign schools our children learn
the Law Divine ? our Prelate indefatigably visits churches, hospitals,
schools, prisons, establishments secular and military, always bringing
the arrival encouragement and belief " [41]. 

Considering, that the Lord has not casually exhausted from Russia to
China polumillionnuju emigration, lord John has been deeply convinced
that one of the major problems of emigration is the sermon of
Orthodoxy in pagan China. His opinion, unfortunately, divided it is
far from being all. Works of lord John on June, 24, 1935 in Shanghai
had been created the Chinese Orthodox Brotherhood. His overall
objective was to unit around of Orthodox Church in Shanghai both
Russian emigrants, and Chinese. Activity of a brotherhood has been
called to serve as the beginning of independent Orthodox Church in
China. The brotherhood should be engaged in translations of the
orthodox literature into the Chinese language, carry out church and
cultural work among the Chinese population, preach. Lord John
considered, that Orthodoxy cannot be property of only one people, for
example Russian. The Lord has come as the Savior of all world and His
Word should be propovedano to all world. 

In 30th years more all of works on education of Chinese people was put
by archpriest Nikolay Li Sjun I. his father - Joseph - originally
served at Russian Embassy in Beijing. Communicating with Russian, it
has come to belief in the Christ and has brought up the son in
Orthodoxy. Nikolay has received formation at school at Mission in
Beijing. In 19 years it has finished 1-st rate of Seminary. After that
aspiration of his life became the sermon of the Gospel in China. It
has been appointed katehizatorom, the reader and the teacher of
orthodox school. In the middle of 30th years it has been devoted in
diakonsky a dignity, and in 1936 - in presvitersky. 

Headed the Chinese Orthodox Brotherhood JUj TSjatsin (Andrey Pavlovich
Juj), known in Shanghai as the businessman and the public figure
holding outstanding state posts. His assistants were lawyer Peter
Chzhan and priest Ilya Ven Chzichzhen. By the treasurer of the
Brotherhood has been appointed Melety SHi. 

Russian Orthodox Church, seeing in activity of the Brotherhood of
prospect of a deepening of mutual understanding between Russian
emigrants and Chinese, in every possible way supported activity of the
Brotherhood. 

At the Brotherhood kitajsko-Russian school was open. Rates of Russian
and evening school have been created also. The brotherhood promoted
not only to studying of Russian to languages Chinese, but, even in the
greater measure, put svoeju the purpose training of Russian emigrants
to the Chinese language. 

Special love lord John has got for the sanctity - she was obvious to
all. It, taking part in many secular affairs, lived absolutely other
world - the world gornim. Today many certificates of miracles of
prelate John - cases of healings, insight, the help in dangers are
published. 

So, the teacher of singing Anna Petrovna Lushnikova assisting to lord
John directed by diction, told that in 1945, during war, she hardly
wounded, laid in the Shanghai hospital. Feeling, that can die, she
asked sisters to call lord John, that her prichastit. Sisters have
refused, as by virtue of the martial law hospital in the evenings
locked. That night the whole gale, in addition, was. Suddenly in 11
one o'clock in the evening in chamber has appeared lord John. Not
trusting the sight, And. Whether I. has asked the lord dream it, or it
has really come to it. The lord, having prayed, prichastil her. The
next morning she has felt healthy. Nobody trusted, that the Lord has
visited is at its nights was impossible. However Lord John has left a
material evidence of the night visit - under a pillow And. I. has
found 20-oe a dollar piece of paper. With such banknotes the Lord paid
off with it for those lessons which from it took [42]. 

Once on Light sedmitse lord John has come to the Shanghai Jewish
hospital to visit patients taking place there. Passing on one of
chambers, it has stopped before a screen closing a bed on which died
elderly evrejka. In reception of hospital its relatives expected
already death of the patient. The lord, having lifted above a screen
the cross, has loudly proclaimed: " Christ Voskrese! " The patient has
regained consciousness and has asked some water. Doctors have been
struck with the change which was having place with just dying. Shortly
she has recovered and, vyjdja from hospital, asked lord John to
christen her [43]. 

A rule of lord John was daily fulfilment of the Liturgy. It cared of
revival of a liturgical life in Shanghai. So, for example, on
December, 18, 1939 in Shanghai the lord in sosluzhenii clergy has made
an ancient Liturgy of Apostle Iakova, about what the lord has placed
the message in " Orthodox Russia " (? 23, 1939) Later, in day of
memory of Three Universal Prelates the Liturgy of apostle Iakova
together with lord John made also lord Sintszjansky Juvenaly. 

Russian Orthodox Church Abroad has glorified archbishop John
(Maksimovicha) in a face sacred in San Francisco on July, 2, 1994 

On September, 18, 1931 command Japanese Kvantunskoj has given an order
to army on approach to northeast provinces of China and to I shall
wipe on September, 19 has entered armies into the cities of Shenjan
(Mukden), Changchun, Andun and others. In the beginning of 1932 the
Japanese authorities, having established the control over all
territory of Manchuria, have created the state Manchzhou-go which
governor became last Chinese emperor - Pu I.Bylo legalizes military,
political and economic presence of Japan in Manchzhou-go. The colonial
mode was actually established. In such conditions Russian emigration
appeared in the hardest position. 

About perezhitom in Trehreche during sovereignty of Japan I.A.Djakov -
the inspector of Russian schools in Southern - Argunskoj provinces -
wrote to manuscripts "Amaterasu": " the Purpose of Japanese - to
subdue all Asian peoples, to win territory of Russia up to Urals
Mountains, and they want to make it under a kind of mutual prosperity
of the Asian nations under leadership Nippon (Japan. - Avt.) in view
of goddess Amaterasu Oomikami ? ". Clerks recollected solemn opening
the Society of youth Trehrechja: " Opening ceremony of the Society of
youth began, as it happened always at ceremonies, hymns of Japan and
Manchzhudigo (so in the text of the manuscript. - Avt.), Bows to
national flags and aside residences of emperors of these countries,
and also aside temple Kenkoku-simbio devoted to goddess Amaterasu and
performance of the representative of youth which after deep bow aside
commanding persons has read through just received of Sintszina,
capital Manchzhudigo, " manuals loyal ". In the first item of this
"Manual", by the way, it is spoken: " ? we, loyal, should esteem
reverentially goddess Amaterasu Oomikami ". The same representative
after reading "Manual" has read through on behalf of youth the oath
promise of members of the Society to follow the instructions stated in
"Manual", hence, and reverentially to esteem goddess Amaterasu. I have
involuntarily looked on about. Decent, trying to define the impression
made on him by these words, but about. Procopies, unfortunately, sat
with the lowered head and then I have transferred the sight at the
ataman and youth. On their persons hopeless humility, indifference and
boredom " has been written [44]. 

In July, 1937 Japan the beginnings military actions in China with the
purpose to subordinate to itself all Chinese Republic. On July, 28
Beijing, 29 - Tianjin has been taken. Occupation by Japan of China
began. Russian emigrants those years were exposed to the strict police
control and oppressions over the Japanese authorities. Japanese wished
to subordinate to themselves the Chief of Mission and clerics of
Mission and Harbinskoj dioceses, to take hold of church property. They
frequently operated directly against Church. So, occupational
authorities of Japan had been destroyed a temple-monument in Tianjin,
in CHzhalajnore Paul has been killed ieromonah, the prior of a temple
has been tortured to death in Kalgan - about. Alexander Zhuch, is
killed priest Feodor Bogolyubov. Japanese have grasped a part of
church property - in Tianjin the school, hospital, the house of mercy
and library have been selected. 

After creation Manchzhou-go lord Victor has been compulsorily caused
by the Japanese military authorities to Harbin where under fear of the
announcement his military criminal it was offered to it to transfer
clerics of churches and farmsteads of the Russian Spiritual Mission to
territories of Manchuria in conducting Harbinskoj of a diocese. The
power of attorney on management of property has been given to
metropolitan Meletiju, living on missijskom a farmstead in Harbin. The
chief of Mission in Beijing did not use neither trust, nor respect of
occupational authorities. However by virtue of that the Chief of
Mission had the big authority among the Russian emigrants in the
Beijing diocese, occupational authorities have been compelled to
reckon with his influence. Contrary to his own desire lord Victor even
have appointed Chairman Antikominternovskogo of the union of Northern
China, that subsequently it was used gomindanovskimi by authorities as
an occasion for arrest on charge in co-operation with invaders. 

The Russian Spiritual Mission in China in 30 - 40th years did not stop
the missionary activity though last and has been seriously
complicated. In view of a wartime and the suspicious attitude of
occupational Japanese authorities to any missionary work she was
almost impossible. Other important handicap was scarcity of material
means of Mission. And nevertheless this work was conducted. First of
all it was necessary to resist uniatam, formed in China " Russian
Catholic Church ". Their influence in Harbin, Tianjin and Shanghai was
especially strong. Their purpose was to subordinate, whenever
possible, Russian temples in China to the Holy See. Monastic orders
Bazilian and jesuits were engaged in it mainly. Catholics for the
reference orthodox used numerous social charitable programs, founded
schools and institutes, issued a lot of periodical press and other
literature. 

Activity of Protestants - methodists, baptists, Adventists
developed also. From other Christian faiths it is necessary to mention
staroobrjadchestvo. Old Believers of " the Austrian consent " in
Harbin had a temple and the bishop. Missionary protivosektantskaja
activity of Mission was successful - Russian Catholics and Protestants
frequently came back in a fencing of Orthodox Church. 

Distribution of Orthodoxy among the Chinese population went
slowly. Basically Chinese accepted a christening through training at
schools of Mission or through marriages with orthodox. Also
Chinese-priests much helped. Divine service was frequently made in the
Chinese language. 

Traditional for an orthodox church life there was a charities. In
Beijing Mission with all its farmsteads was a refuge for all
requiring. All free premises have been borrowed looking a shelter
Russian and Chinese. In territory of Mission at the end of 30th years
lived 130 person Russian and approximately as much Chinese. In
missijskoj about 150 children from poor families were free-of-charge
trained in school. For orthodox Chinese, besides the salary, grants to
treatment, burial were usually given out, at a christening,
wedding. If someone appeared in need always could hope for support of
Mission. 

In Tianjin in charge of Prior Pokrovskogo of a temple and the Church
Orthodox brotherhood there was a school, hospital, the house of mercy,
library, a day nursery, a cemetery. In Tsingtao also there was a
church school and hospital. 

Harbinskaja a diocese and bishops taking place in its limits still
remained independent of Mission and made an independent
tserkovno-administrative unit. 

On full expense Harbinskogo of church Management there were following
shelters: 

   1. A shelter of the House of mercy at Mitropolichem a farmstead on
   147 person. 
   2. A shelter-refuge for aged on 92 persons.
   3. Serafimovsky a shelter on 107 person at St. Iverskoj Churches.
   4. Olginsky a shelter on 56 person at a female monastery.

The aggregate number prizrevaemyh in shelters was about 400 person. It
was necessary to warm, dress, feed all, and the Church in Harbinskoj
dioceses successfully consulted with all uneasy problems of charity. 

However it was extremely difficult to carry out this charities -
communication with the Chief of Mission in Beijing has been
interrupted and Harbinskaja the diocese had no opportunity to confer
with lord Victor on many questions in which decision the unity in
sights and actions was necessary. Some clerics Harbinskoj of a diocese
because of refusal to worship goddess Amaterasu have been compulsorily
transferred from Harbinskoj to a diocese to Beijing. Others have been
compelled to run from Manchuria, throwing the houses and families. 

In the memoirs on lord Victor the sister of the Chief of 20-th Mission
O.V.Keping wrote: " the Life Russian in conditions of occupation was
heavy. The situation has become complicated after an attack of fascist
Germany to the USSR. War with Germany has caused patriotic rise among
Russian ? Melancholy on the left Native land, an idea on returning to
Russia did not leave it (vl. Victor. - the Comment avt.) ? it was
never confident, that sooner or later Russian people will return home
" [45]. 

In conditions of civil war in China and complex political conditions
Russian emigration soon appeared before a choice: to return home - to
the unknown USSR, or to continue the izgnannichestvo, storing in
hearts love to that Russia which it is already impossible to
return. Before the same choice there was also a Church in China. Its
voice in many respects defined a choice of its flock. 

The question was a recognition of jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarch
or about stay in submission Foreign Arhierejskomu to the Synod. And,
after the hierarches, many of Russian emigrants, having recognized as
the chapter of the newly elected Patriarch in Moscow, have returned to
Russia. The significant part of emigrants has left from China for
Australia or the USA. Destinies both those, and others in many
respects have developed tragically. However they were asserted with
belief which beginning was necessary orthodox pastors in China.